Every programme, with the real numbers.

<p>The Master of Journalism and Mass Communication is a postgraduate programme that prepares professionals for advanced practice in journalism, media, and mass communication. The programme combines journalism theory with practical media skills and communication research. Core areas include journalism theory, news writing and reporting, media ethics, digital journalism, mass communication theory, media law, broadcast journalism, communication research methods, and thesis or project. Students engage with both journalism theory and practical media production. The programme is offered by Mount Kenya University, Chuka University, Multimedia University of Kenya, and Laikipia University. Both public and private universities offer the programme over two academic years through full-time and part-time modes. Students develop competencies in news writing, investigative journalism, digital media production, media analysis, communication research, media ethics, and broadcast journalism. The programme includes coursework, examinations, practical media projects, and thesis or project. Chuka University charges KES 71,000 for Semester 1, KES 48,000 for Semester 2, and KES 40,000 per block. Multimedia University of Kenya charges approximately KES 138,000/semester (Year 1) and KES 116,000/semester (Year 2), total approximately KES 371,500. Entry requires a Bachelor's degree in Journalism, Communication, or related fields with at least Second Class Honours Upper Division or Lower Division with relevant experience. Graduates pursue careers as journalists, editors, media managers, communication specialists, broadcast producers, and lecturers in journalism and mass communication.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Journalism Theory and Practice</li><li>News Writing and Reporting</li><li>Digital Journalism and New Media</li><li>Broadcast Journalism</li><li>Media Ethics and Law</li><li>Mass Communication Theory</li><li>Investigative Journalism</li><li>Media Analysis and Criticism</li><li>Communication Research Methods</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Journalism Theory and Practice</li><li>News Writing and Reporting</li><li>Digital Journalism and New Media</li><li>Broadcast Journalism</li><li>Media Ethics and Law</li><li>Mass Communication Theory</li><li>Investigative Journalism</li><li>Media Management</li><li>Communication Research Methods</li><li>Thesis or Project</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>MCK Journalist Accreditation</li><li>ICFJ Professional Certification</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Digital Journalism</h4><p>Focuses on journalism in the digital age, covering online news, social media journalism, data journalism, and multimedia storytelling.</p><h4>Broadcast Journalism</h4><p>Examines broadcast journalism practice, covering radio and television news production, broadcast writing, and broadcast management.</p><h4>Print Journalism</h4><p>Covers print journalism practice, covering newspaper and magazine writing, investigative reporting, and print media management.</p><h4>Media Management</h4><p>Focuses on managing media organisations, covering media business models, media economics, and media leadership.</p><h4>Development Communication</h4><p>Examines using communication for development, covering development journalism, health communication, and participatory communication.</p><h4>Corporate Communication</h4><p>Covers corporate communication practice, covering public relations, corporate media, internal communication, and crisis communication.</p>

<p>The Master of Knowledge Management is a postgraduate programme that prepares professionals for advanced practice in knowledge management, information governance, and organisational learning. The programme combines knowledge management theory with practical information systems, records management, and organisational learning application. Core areas include knowledge management theory, information governance, records management, organisational learning, knowledge capture and sharing, digital libraries, information systems, data management, research methods, and thesis or project. Students engage with both knowledge management theory and practical case studies and laboratory work through coursework and research. The programme is offered by Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology as MSc in Information Knowledge Management through the School of Computing and Information Technology, Kenyatta University as MSc in Knowledge Management through the School of Pure and Applied Sciences, and Technical University of Kenya as MSc in Information and Knowledge Management through the Department of Information and Library Science. All are public universities offering programmes over two academic years through full-time and part-time modes of study. Students develop competencies in knowledge management theory, information governance, records management, organisational learning, knowledge capture and sharing, digital libraries, and information systems. The programme includes coursework, examinations, case studies, and a supervised research thesis or project. JKUAT charges KES 126,000/year (KES 252,000 total) for information knowledge management. TU-K charges approximately KES 191,650/year (KES 383,300 total) for information and knowledge management. KU charges approximately KES 200,000/year for knowledge management. Entry requires a Bachelor's degree with Second Class Honours Upper Division in library and information science, records management, IT, or any branch of knowledge from a recognised university. Graduates pursue careers as knowledge managers, information managers, records managers, library directors, information governance specialists, and lecturers in knowledge management across corporate organisations, government agencies, libraries, research institutions, consulting firms, and universities.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Knowledge Management Theory and Practice</li><li>Information Governance and Policy</li><li>Records Management and Archival Administration</li><li>Organisational Learning and Knowledge Sharing</li><li>Digital Libraries and Information Systems</li><li>Knowledge Capture and Codification</li><li>Data Management and Information Architecture</li><li>Content Management and Digital Curation</li><li>Research Methods in Knowledge Management</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Knowledge Management Theory and Practice</li><li>Information Governance and Policy</li><li>Records Management and Archival Administration</li><li>Organisational Learning and Knowledge Sharing</li><li>Digital Libraries and Information Systems</li><li>Knowledge Capture and Codification</li><li>Data Management and Information Architecture</li><li>Content Management and Digital Curation</li><li>Research Methods in Knowledge Management</li><li>Thesis or Project Research</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>Kenya Library Association (KLA) Membership</li><li>International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Membership</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Information Governance</h4><p>Focuses on information governance, covering policy, compliance, data governance, information security, and managing information governance.</p><h4>Records Management</h4><p>Examines records management, covering records lifecycle, archival administration, digital preservation, and managing records systems.</p><h4>Organisational Learning</h4><p>Covers organisational learning, covering learning organisations, knowledge sharing, communities of practice, and managing organisational learning.</p><h4>Digital Libraries</h4><p>Focuses on digital libraries, covering digital collections, metadata, repositories, open access, and managing digital libraries.</p><h4>Knowledge Capture and Sharing</h4><p>Examines knowledge capture, covering tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge, codification, sharing platforms, and managing knowledge capture.</p><h4>Information Systems Management</h4><p>Covers information systems, covering IS design, databases, content management, enterprise systems, and managing information systems.</p>

<p>The Master of Landscape Architecture is a postgraduate programme that prepares professionals for advanced practice in landscape design, planning, and environmental management. The programme combines landscape architecture theory with studio-based design practice and environmental planning. Core areas include landscape design theory, site planning, environmental planning, landscape ecology, urban design, planting design, landscape technology, research methods, and thesis or design project. Students engage with both design theory and practical studio-based design projects. The programme is offered by Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology through its Department of Landscape Architecture in the School of Architecture and Building Sciences. JKUAT is the oldest institution offering landscape architecture in Kenya and the East and Central African region. Students develop competencies in landscape design, site planning, environmental planning, landscape ecology, urban design, planting design, landscape technology, and research methods. The programme includes coursework, examinations, studio design projects, and thesis or design project. JKUAT charges KES 357,000 for the two-year programme (approximately KES 178,500/year). Entry requires a Bachelor's degree in Landscape Architecture, Architecture, Environmental Planning, or related fields with at least Second Class Honours Upper Division or Lower Division with relevant experience. The programme is delivered through full-time and part-time modes. Graduates pursue careers as landscape architects, urban designers, environmental planners, landscape consultants, project managers, and lecturers in landscape architecture.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Landscape Design and Planning</li><li>Site Planning and Analysis</li><li>Environmental Planning</li><li>Landscape Ecology</li><li>Urban Design</li><li>Planting Design and Horticulture</li><li>Landscape Technology and Construction</li><li>GIS and Spatial Analysis</li><li>Research Methods in Landscape Architecture</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Landscape Design Theory</li><li>Site Planning and Analysis</li><li>Environmental Planning</li><li>Landscape Ecology</li><li>Urban Design</li><li>Planting Design</li><li>Landscape Technology and Construction</li><li>GIS and Spatial Analysis</li><li>Research Methods in Landscape Architecture</li><li>Thesis or Design Project</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>AAK Landscape Architect Registration</li><li>IFLA Professional Membership</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Urban Landscape Design</h4><p>Focuses on designing urban landscapes, covering urban parks, public spaces, streetscapes, and urban green infrastructure.</p><h4>Environmental Planning</h4><p>Examines environmental planning for landscapes, covering environmental assessment, land use planning, and conservation planning.</p><h4>Landscape Conservation</h4><p>Covers conservation of natural and cultural landscapes, covering heritage landscapes, protected areas, and restoration ecology.</p><h4>Urban Design</h4><p>Focuses on urban design practice, covering public realm design, urban form, and creating quality urban spaces.</p><h4>Sustainable Landscape Design</h4><p>Examines sustainable landscape design, covering green infrastructure, sustainable drainage, water-sensitive design, and climate-responsive landscapes.</p><h4>Landscape Planning and Management</h4><p>Covers planning and managing landscapes at scale, covering regional planning, watershed management, and landscape management.</p>

<p>The Master of Laws (LLM) is a postgraduate programme that prepares legal professionals for advanced practice in law. The programme combines legal theory with specialised legal knowledge and research skills. Core areas include jurisprudence, comparative law, international law, commercial law, intellectual property law, criminal law, constitutional law, research methods, and thesis. Students engage with both legal theory and practical legal application. The programme is offered by the University of Nairobi, Mount Kenya University, and Strathmore University. Both public and private universities offer the programme over two academic years through full-time and part-time modes. Students develop competencies in legal research, legal analysis, specialised legal practice, comparative law, international law, commercial law, and academic writing. The programme includes coursework, examinations, research papers, and thesis. The University of Nairobi charges a total of KES 644,000 over 2 years (~KES 322,000/year). Mount Kenya University charges KES 150,000/semester plus KES 12,000 statutory (~KES 312,000/year). Strathmore University offers an 18-month LLM with specialisations in intellectual property, international criminal law, financial law, and energy law. Entry requires an LLB degree with at least Upper Second Class Honours. Graduates pursue careers as legal practitioners, corporate counsel, legal consultants, judicial officers, legal researchers, and law lecturers.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Legal Research and Analysis</li><li>Comparative Law</li><li>International Law Practice</li><li>Commercial and Corporate Law</li><li>Intellectual Property Law</li><li>Constitutional and Human Rights Law</li><li>Legal Writing and Drafting</li><li>Criminal Law and Justice</li><li>Research Methods in Law</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Jurisprudence and Legal Theory</li><li>Comparative Law</li><li>International Law</li><li>Commercial and Corporate Law</li><li>Intellectual Property Law</li><li>Constitutional and Human Rights Law</li><li>Criminal Law and Justice</li><li>Research Methods in Law</li><li>Legal Writing and Drafting</li><li>Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>LSK Advocate Certification</li><li>CLE Legal Education Certification</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Intellectual Property Law</h4><p>Focuses on intellectual property law, covering patents, trademarks, copyright, and managing IP rights and disputes.</p><h4>International Criminal Law</h4><p>Examines international criminal law, covering international crimes, international tribunals, and managing international criminal cases.</p><h4>International Financial Law and Regulation</h4><p>Covers international financial law, covering financial regulation, banking law, and managing international financial transactions.</p><h4>Energy Law and Policy</h4><p>Focuses on energy law, covering energy regulation, energy policy, and managing legal aspects of energy projects.</p><h4>Commercial and Corporate Law</h4><p>Examines commercial and corporate law, covering company law, commercial transactions, and managing corporate legal matters.</p><h4>Constitutional and Human Rights Law</h4><p>Covers constitutional law and human rights, covering constitutional interpretation, human rights protection, and managing constitutional litigation.</p>

<p>The Master of Leadership and Governance is a postgraduate programme that prepares professionals for leadership and governance roles in public, private, and non-profit sectors. The programme combines leadership theory with governance practice and public policy analysis. Core areas include leadership theory, governance principles, public policy, strategic management, organisational change, ethics and accountability, development management, research methods, and thesis or project. Students engage with both leadership theory and practical governance application. The programme is offered by Kenyatta University, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, and Africa Nazarene University. Both public and private universities offer the programme over two academic years through full-time and part-time modes. Students develop competencies in leadership, governance, strategic management, policy analysis, organisational change, ethics, research methods, and academic writing. The programme includes coursework, examinations, research project or thesis, and practical governance exercises. JKUAT charges KES 126,000/year. Kenyatta University offers the programme through its Department of Public Policy and Administration with 18 units over 2 years. Africa Nazarene University (private) also offers the programme. Entry requires a Bachelor's degree with at least Second Class Honours Upper Division or Lower Division with relevant experience. Graduates pursue careers as governance officers, leadership consultants, public administrators, policy analysts, programme managers, and lecturers in leadership and governance.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Leadership Theory and Practice</li><li>Governance Principles and Frameworks</li><li>Public Policy Analysis</li><li>Strategic Management and Planning</li><li>Organisational Change Management</li><li>Ethics and Accountability in Governance</li><li>Development Management</li><li>Stakeholder Engagement and Management</li><li>Research Methods in Governance</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Leadership Theory and Practice</li><li>Governance Principles and Frameworks</li><li>Public Policy and Administration</li><li>Strategic Management and Planning</li><li>Organisational Change and Development</li><li>Ethics and Accountability in Governance</li><li>Development Management</li><li>Research Methods in Governance</li><li>Stakeholder Engagement</li><li>Thesis or Research Project</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KSG Leadership Certification</li><li>ICPAK Governance Certification</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Public Sector Leadership</h4><p>Focuses on leadership in public sector organisations, covering public administration, government leadership, and managing public sector reform.</p><h4>Corporate Governance</h4><p>Examines corporate governance, covering board governance, corporate accountability, governance frameworks, and managing corporate governance systems.</p><h4>Development Leadership</h4><p>Covers leadership for development, covering development management, community leadership, and leading development initiatives.</p><h4>Policy Leadership</h4><p>Focuses on policy leadership, covering policy analysis, policy development, policy advocacy, and leading policy change.</p><h4>Non-Profit Leadership</h4><p>Examines leadership in non-profit organisations, covering NGO governance, civil society leadership, and managing non-profit organisations.</p><h4>Ethical Leadership</h4><p>Covers ethical leadership, covering ethics in governance, anti-corruption, transparency, and promoting ethical leadership practices.</p>

<p>The Master of Management Information Systems is a postgraduate programme that prepares professionals for managing information systems in organisations. The programme combines information systems knowledge with management and business strategy. Core areas include information systems management, database management, enterprise systems, IT strategy, business analytics, systems analysis and design, IT project management, information security management, research methods, and thesis or project. Students engage with both technology and management dimensions of information systems. The programme is offered by Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, University of Nairobi, and KCA University. Both public and private universities offer the programme over two academic years through full-time and part-time modes. Students develop competencies in IS management, enterprise systems, IT strategy, business analytics, systems analysis, IT project management, information security, and research methods. The programme includes coursework, examinations, practical projects, and thesis or project. JKUAT charges KES 508,200 for the 2-year programme (~KES 254,100/year). KCA University offers the programme over 6 trimesters (2 years). Entry requires a Bachelor's degree in IT, Computer Science, Business, or related fields with at least Second Class Honours Upper Division or Lower Division with relevant experience. Graduates pursue careers as IS managers, IT directors, business analysts, enterprise systems managers, IT project managers, and lecturers in management information systems.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Information Systems Management</li><li>Enterprise Systems (ERP)</li><li>IT Strategy and Governance</li><li>Business Analytics and Intelligence</li><li>Systems Analysis and Design</li><li>IT Project Management</li><li>Database Management</li><li>Information Security Management</li><li>Research Methods in IS</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Information Systems Management</li><li>Enterprise Systems and ERP</li><li>IT Strategy and Governance</li><li>Business Analytics and Intelligence</li><li>Systems Analysis and Design</li><li>IT Project Management</li><li>Database Management</li><li>Information Security Management</li><li>Research Methods in IS</li><li>Thesis or Project</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>ICT Authority Certification</li><li>AIS Professional Membership</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Enterprise Systems Management</h4><p>Focuses on managing enterprise systems, covering ERP systems, enterprise architecture, and enterprise system implementation.</p><h4>Business Analytics</h4><p>Examines using data and analytics for business decisions, covering business intelligence, data mining, and analytics strategy.</p><h4>IT Strategy and Governance</h4><p>Covers IT strategy formulation, IT governance, IT investment, and aligning IT with business strategy.</p><h4>Information Security Management</h4><p>Focuses on managing information security in organisations, covering security policy, risk management, and security governance.</p><h4>Digital Transformation</h4><p>Examines digital transformation in organisations, covering digital strategy, digital technologies, and managing organisational change.</p><h4>IT Project Management</h4><p>Covers managing IT projects, covering project planning, agile methods, project risk management, and project delivery.</p>

<p>The Master of Management in Agribusiness is a postgraduate programme that equips professionals with advanced knowledge and skills at the intersection of business management and agriculture. The programme prepares graduates to lead agribusiness organisations, manage agricultural value chains, and drive innovation in one of Kenya's most vital sectors. Core areas of study include agribusiness management, agricultural economics, value chain analysis, behavioural economics, agricultural finance, food systems management, global agricultural trade, agricultural entrepreneurship, supply chain management in agriculture, research methods, and thesis writing. Students engage with business acumen and agricultural entrepreneurship in a blended curriculum. The programme is offered by Strathmore University through its Business School, with Chuka University listed as a college offering MSc Agribusiness Management. Strathmore's programme blends classic economic subjects with production engineering subjects from agricultural sciences, exploring management and innovation in the context of land, agribusiness, and global trade. Students develop competencies in agribusiness management, agricultural economics, value chain analysis, behavioural economics, agricultural finance, food systems, global agricultural trade, entrepreneurship, supply chain management, and research methodology. The programme includes coursework, examinations, an international module, and a research thesis. The programme is delivered over two years in a modular structure, with two-week sessions every quarter to accommodate working professionals. Strathmore's programme includes an international module at Harper Adams University in the United Kingdom. The programme is designed for agribusiness professionals, agricultural entrepreneurs, and managers seeking advanced agribusiness expertise. Graduates pursue careers as agribusiness managers, agricultural value chain managers, agribusiness entrepreneurs, agricultural finance managers, food systems managers, and agribusiness consultants in agricultural companies, banks, NGOs, government, and international agricultural organisations.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Agribusiness Management and Strategy</li><li>Agricultural Economics and Market Analysis</li><li>Agricultural Value Chain Analysis</li><li>Behavioural Economics in Agriculture</li><li>Agricultural Finance and Risk Management</li><li>Food Systems Management</li><li>Global Agricultural Trade and Policy</li><li>Agricultural Entrepreneurship and Innovation</li><li>Agricultural Supply Chain Management</li><li>Research Methods in Agribusiness</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Agribusiness Management</li><li>Agricultural Economics</li><li>Value Chain Analysis</li><li>Behavioural Economics</li><li>Agricultural Finance</li><li>Food Systems Management</li><li>Global Agricultural Trade</li><li>Agricultural Entrepreneurship</li><li>Supply Chain Management in Agriculture</li><li>Research Methods in Agribusiness</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>AGRA Agribusiness Certification</li><li>FAO Food Systems Certification</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Agribusiness Management</h4><p>Focuses on managing agribusiness organisations, strategic planning, operations management, and leadership in agricultural enterprises.</p><h4>Agricultural Value Chains</h4><p>Examines agricultural value chain analysis, value chain development, supply chain optimisation, and managing agricultural value chains from farm to market.</p><h4>Agricultural Finance</h4><p>Covers agricultural finance, agricultural credit, risk management in agriculture, agricultural insurance, and financing agricultural enterprises.</p><h4>Food Systems Management</h4><p>Focuses on food systems management, food security, food safety, sustainable food production, and managing food supply from production to consumption.</p><h4>Agricultural Entrepreneurship</h4><p>Examines agricultural entrepreneurship, innovation in agribusiness, starting and scaling agricultural ventures, and agribusiness model development.</p><h4>Global Agricultural Trade</h4><p>Covers global agricultural trade, international agricultural markets, trade policy, and navigating international agricultural commodity markets.</p>

<p>The Master of Measurement and Evaluation is a postgraduate programme that equips education professionals with advanced knowledge and skills in educational measurement, assessment, and programme evaluation. The programme prepares graduates to design assessment instruments, evaluate educational programmes, and contribute to evidence-based decision-making in education. Core areas of study include educational measurement, assessment design, programme evaluation, research methods, statistics, psychometrics, test construction, data analysis, evaluation frameworks, and thesis writing. Students engage with both quantitative and qualitative evaluation methodologies. The programme is offered by the University of Nairobi, Kenyatta University, and Moi University, with Egerton University listed as a college. UoN offers M.Ed Measurement and Evaluation at Kikuyu Campus. KU offers Master of Education in Educational Research, Evaluation and Measurement. The programme bridges education and research methodology. Students develop competencies in educational measurement, assessment design, programme evaluation, psychometrics, statistical analysis, test construction, research methods, data analysis, evaluation frameworks, and reporting. The programme includes coursework, examinations, and a research thesis. The programme is delivered over two years with full-time and part-time modes available. UoN offers the programme at Kikuyu Campus in full-time mode. The programme is designed for teachers, education officers, assessment specialists, and researchers seeking advanced measurement and evaluation expertise. Graduates pursue careers as assessment specialists, evaluation officers, education researchers, examination officers, monitoring and evaluation specialists, and education consultants in schools, examination councils, government, NGOs, and international organisations.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Educational Measurement and Assessment</li><li>Programme Evaluation Methods</li><li>Psychometrics and Test Construction</li><li>Statistical Analysis in Education</li><li>Research Methods in Education</li><li>Data Analysis and Interpretation</li><li>Evaluation Framework Design</li><li>Assessment Instrument Development</li><li>Monitoring and Evaluation</li><li>Educational Research Reporting</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Educational Measurement</li><li>Programme Evaluation</li><li>Psychometrics</li><li>Test Construction</li><li>Statistical Analysis</li><li>Research Methods in Education</li><li>Assessment Design</li><li>Data Analysis</li><li>Evaluation Frameworks</li><li>Monitoring and Evaluation</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>AfrEA Evaluation Certification</li><li>AERA Measurement Certification</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Educational Measurement</h4><p>Focuses on educational measurement theory, assessment design, scaling, score interpretation, and applying measurement principles to educational assessment.</p><h4>Programme Evaluation</h4><p>Examines programme evaluation methods, evaluation design, formative and summative evaluation, and evaluating educational programmes and policies.</p><h4>Psychometrics</h4><p>Covers psychometric theory, item response theory, classical test theory, reliability and validity, and advanced psychometric methods.</p><h4>Assessment Design</h4><p>Focuses on assessment instrument design, test construction, rubric development, performance assessment, and designing effective educational assessments.</p><h4>Research Methods</h4><p>Examines quantitative and qualitative research methods, research design, data collection, and conducting educational research.</p><h4>Monitoring and Evaluation</h4><p>Covers monitoring and evaluation frameworks, M&E systems, indicators, data collection for M&E, and reporting evaluation findings.</p>

The Master of Medicine (MMed) provides advanced specialist medical training in nine clinical specialisations. Based at Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi, the programme offers structured clinical training and examinations leading to the MMed degree. Students specialise in anaesthesiology, anatomic pathology, clinical pathology, family medicine, general surgery, imaging and diagnostic radiology, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynaecology, or paediatrics and child health. Students develop advanced competencies in their chosen specialisation through clinical training, simulation-based learning, research, and service in teaching hospitals and community settings. The curriculum combines common courses with specialisation-specific clinical training, research methods, and a research thesis. The programme is competency-based and accredited by ACGME-I, ensuring international standards. Specialist medical training is critical for Kenya's healthcare system. Hospitals, health centres, and medical institutions require trained specialists to provide quality care. Kenya's disease burden and healthcare challenges create demand for medical specialists across all specialisations. The programme addresses the demand for specialist medical training in East Africa. The programme combines clinical training with simulation-based learning, research, and community health experience. Students rotate through clinical departments, participate in ward rounds, attend conferences, conduct research, and provide patient care under specialist supervision. Teaching methods include clinical rotations, simulation training, case discussions, and research supervision. The programme is full-time over four years. Graduates find employment as medical specialists in hospitals, health institutions, academic institutions, or private practice. The MMed supports careers in specialist medical practice, medical education, and clinical research across East Africa and globally. This programme is ideal for medical graduates seeking specialist qualifications. The programme provides advanced clinical training, research skills, and professional development for specialist medical practice.

<p>The Master of Medicine Education is a postgraduate programme that equips health professionals with advanced knowledge and skills in medical education, teaching methodology, and educational research in health sciences. The programme prepares graduates to design, deliver, and evaluate medical and health sciences curricula in Kenya and beyond. Core areas of study include medical education principles, curriculum design in health sciences, teaching and learning in medical education, assessment in medical education, educational research methods, simulation-based education, clinical teaching, e-learning in health professions education, programme evaluation, and thesis writing. Students engage with both educational theory and its application in medical and health sciences contexts. The programme is offered by Moi University, Meru University of Science and Technology, and Karatina University. Moi University offers the programme through its School of Medicine, accredited since 2013. The programme bridges medicine and education, developing health professionals as educators. Students develop competencies in medical education, curriculum design, clinical teaching, assessment in medical education, educational research, simulation-based teaching, e-learning, programme evaluation, and educational leadership. The programme includes coursework, examinations, teaching practicum, and a research thesis. The programme is delivered over two years with full-time mode available at Moi University's Eldoret Main Campus. The programme is designed for medical doctors, nurses, pharmacists, clinical officers, and other health professionals seeking to advance as medical educators. Graduates pursue careers as medical educators, clinical teaching fellows, curriculum developers, assessment specialists, simulation centre directors, and medical education consultants in medical schools, teaching hospitals, health training institutions, and health ministries.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Medical Education Principles and Practice</li><li>Curriculum Design in Health Sciences</li><li>Clinical Teaching and Bedside Teaching</li><li>Assessment in Medical Education</li><li>Educational Research Methods</li><li>Simulation-Based Medical Education</li><li>E-Learning in Health Professions Education</li><li>Programme Evaluation in Medical Education</li><li>Educational Leadership in Health Sciences</li><li>Medical Education Research and Scholarship</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Medical Education Principles</li><li>Curriculum Design in Health Sciences</li><li>Teaching and Learning in Medical Education</li><li>Assessment in Medical Education</li><li>Educational Research Methods</li><li>Simulation-Based Education</li><li>Clinical Teaching</li><li>E-Learning in Health Professions</li><li>Programme Evaluation</li><li>Educational Leadership</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>AMEE Medical Education Certification</li><li>KMPDC Medical Education Registration</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Curriculum Design in Health Sciences</h4><p>Focuses on curriculum design for medical and health sciences programmes, competency-based medical education, curriculum mapping, and curriculum evaluation.</p><h4>Clinical Teaching</h4><p>Examines clinical teaching methods, bedside teaching, preceptorship, clinical skills teaching, and effective teaching in clinical settings.</p><h4>Assessment in Medical Education</h4><p>Covers assessment methods in medical education, OSCE design, workplace-based assessment, formative and summative assessment in health sciences.</p><h4>Simulation-Based Education</h4><p>Focuses on simulation-based medical education, designing simulation scenarios, debriefing, using simulators, and integrating simulation into curricula.</p><h4>Educational Research</h4><p>Examines educational research methods in medical education, quantitative and qualitative research, and conducting scholarship of teaching and learning.</p><h4>E-Learning in Health Professions</h4><p>Covers e-learning in health professions education, online course design, digital assessment, virtual patients, and technology-enhanced learning.</p>

<p>The Master of Medicine in Anaesthesia is a postgraduate medical programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist anaesthesiologists. The programme combines advanced medical theory with intensive clinical training in anaesthesia, critical care, and pain management. Core areas include anaesthesia theory, regional anaesthesia, critical care medicine, pain management, perioperative care, pharmacology of anaesthetic agents, anaesthesia for speciality surgery, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical study and extensive clinical practice in hospital settings. The programme is offered by the University of Nairobi and Moi University. Both are public universities offering the programme over four academic years through full-time clinical training at affiliated teaching hospitals including Kenyatta National Hospital and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. Students develop competencies in general anaesthesia, regional anaesthesia, critical care, pain management, perioperative assessment, emergency anaesthesia, and research methods. The programme includes coursework, clinical rotations, examinations, and thesis. The University of Nairobi charges approximately KES 382,000 (Year 1), KES 332,000 (Years 2-3), and KES 362,000 (Year 4), total KES 1,408,000 (~KES 352,000/year). Moi University confirmed offering M.Med in Anaesthesia and Critical Care over 4 years. Entry requires an MBChB degree, registration with the Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Council, and successful pre-entry interview. Graduates pursue careers as consultant anaesthesiologists, critical care specialists, pain medicine specialists, and academic faculty in medical schools.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>General Anaesthesia Administration</li><li>Regional and Local Anaesthesia</li><li>Critical Care Medicine</li><li>Pain Management</li><li>Perioperative Assessment and Care</li><li>Anaesthesia Pharmacology</li><li>Emergency and Trauma Anaesthesia</li><li>Anaesthesia for Speciality Surgery</li><li>Clinical Research Methods</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Anaesthesia Theory and Practice</li><li>Regional Anaesthesia</li><li>Critical Care Medicine</li><li>Pain Management</li><li>Perioperative Care</li><li>Anaesthesia Pharmacology</li><li>Anaesthesia for Speciality Surgery</li><li>Emergency and Trauma Anaesthesia</li><li>Clinical Research Methods</li><li>Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Anaesthesia</li><li>KSA Professional Membership</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia</h4><p>Focuses on anaesthesia for cardiac and thoracic surgery, covering cardiopulmonary bypass, thoracic anaesthesia, and cardiac critical care.</p><h4>Paediatric Anaesthesia</h4><p>Examines anaesthesia for infants and children, covering paediatric pharmacology, paediatric airway management, and neonatal anaesthesia.</p><h4>Obstetric Anaesthesia</h4><p>Covers anaesthesia for obstetric procedures, covering epidural anaesthesia, caesarean section anaesthesia, and managing obstetric emergencies.</p><h4>Critical Care Medicine</h4><p>Focuses on critical care, covering ICU management, ventilator management, sepsis management, and multi-organ failure.</p><h4>Pain Medicine</h4><p>Examines pain management, covering acute pain management, chronic pain management, palliative care, and interventional pain medicine.</p><h4>Neuroanaesthesia</h4><p>Covers anaesthesia for neurosurgery, covering neurophysiology, neuroanaesthesia techniques, and managing neurosurgical emergencies.</p>

<p>The Master of Medicine in Anaesthesiology is a postgraduate medical specialty programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist anaesthesiologists. The programme prepares graduates to provide anaesthetic care, manage perioperative patients, handle critical care, and manage acute and chronic pain in Kenya and beyond. Core areas of study include anaesthesia principles, pharmacology of anaesthetic agents, regional anaesthesia, general anaesthesia, critical care medicine, pain management, perioperative medicine, obstetric anaesthesia, paediatric anaesthesia, cardiothoracic anaesthesia, neuroanaesthesia, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical foundations and extensive clinical practice. The programme is listed at Zetech University, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, and University of Kabianga, with Aga Khan University as a college. Aga Khan University offers a four-year residency training in Anaesthesiology leading to MMed, based at Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi. The programme combines academic study with intensive clinical training. Students develop competencies in anaesthesia administration, airway management, perioperative care, critical care management, pain management, regional anaesthesia techniques, obstetric anaesthesia, paediatric anaesthesia, emergency anaesthesia, and anaesthesia research. The programme includes coursework, clinical rotations, examinations, and a research dissertation. The programme is delivered over four years with full-time residency mode. Aga Khan University's programme consists of four years of training and examinations, with candidates admitted on merit from across East Africa. The programme is designed for medical doctors (MBChB or equivalent) seeking to specialise in anaesthesiology. Graduates pursue careers as consultant anaesthesiologists, critical care specialists, pain medicine specialists, and academic anaesthesiologists in hospitals, medical schools, and health ministries.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Anaesthesia Administration and Management</li><li>Airway Management and Intubation</li><li>Perioperative Medicine and Patient Optimisation</li><li>Critical Care Medicine</li><li>Regional Anaesthesia Techniques</li><li>Pain Management and Acute Pain Services</li><li>Obstetric and Paediatric Anaesthesia</li><li>Emergency Anaesthesia and Trauma Management</li><li>Anaesthesia Pharmacology</li><li>Anaesthesia Research and Audit</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Anaesthesia Principles and Practice</li><li>Anaesthetic Pharmacology</li><li>Regional Anaesthesia</li><li>General Anaesthesia</li><li>Critical Care Medicine</li><li>Pain Management</li><li>Perioperative Medicine</li><li>Obstetric Anaesthesia</li><li>Paediatric Anaesthesia</li><li>Anaesthesia Research Methods</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Anaesthesiology</li><li>WFSA Anaesthesia Certification</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia</h4><p>Focuses on anaesthesia for cardiac and thoracic surgery, including cardiopulmonary bypass, transoesophageal echocardiography, and managing complex cardiac surgical patients.</p><h4>Neuroanaesthesia</h4><p>Examines anaesthesia for neurosurgical procedures, including brain tumour surgery, vascular neurosurgery, and managing intracranial pressure during surgery.</p><h4>Obstetric Anaesthesia</h4><p>Covers anaesthesia for obstetric procedures, including caesarean section anaesthesia, labour analgesia, and managing high-risk obstetric anaesthesia.</p><h4>Paediatric Anaesthesia</h4><p>Focuses on anaesthesia for infants and children, including neonatal anaesthesia, paediatric airway management, and managing congenital conditions requiring surgery.</p><h4>Critical Care Medicine</h4><p>Examines critical care management, ICU patient management, ventilator management, sepsis management, and multi-organ failure management.</p><h4>Pain Medicine</h4><p>Covers acute and chronic pain management, postoperative pain services, chronic pain interventions, and palliative care pain management.</p>

The Master of Medicine in Anaesthesiology & Critical Care is a master's programme offered at Kenyan universities. This postgraduate degree prepares professionals for advanced practice and research careers in health sciences.

<p>The Master of Medicine in Anatomic Pathology is a postgraduate medical specialty programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist anatomic pathologists. The programme prepares graduates to diagnose diseases through tissue examination, manage laboratory services, and conduct pathology research in Kenya and beyond. Core areas of study include histopathology, cytopathology, forensic pathology, immunopathology, molecular pathology, gross pathology, autopsy pathology, surgical pathology, neuropathology, dermatopathology, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical foundations and extensive laboratory and clinical practice. The programme is listed at Zetech University, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, and University of Kabianga, with Aga Khan University as a college. Aga Khan University offers MMed Anatomic Pathology at its Nairobi campus, accredited by CUE since 2005 and by ACGME-I internationally. The programme is student-centred, problem-based, and community-oriented. Students develop competencies in tissue diagnosis, histopathology interpretation, cytopathology, forensic pathology, autopsy performance, immunohistochemistry, molecular pathology techniques, surgical pathology, laboratory management, and pathology research. The programme includes coursework, laboratory rotations, examinations, and a research dissertation. The programme is delivered over four years with full-time residency mode at Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi. Approximately 25 per cent of resident time is mandated to structured educational courses, with the remainder in clinical and laboratory practice. The programme is designed for medical doctors seeking to specialise in anatomic pathology. Graduates pursue careers as consultant anatomic pathologists, cytopathologists, forensic pathologists, laboratory directors, and academic pathologists in hospitals, laboratories, medical schools, and health ministries.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Histopathology and Tissue Diagnosis</li><li>Cytopathology and Fine Needle Aspiration Interpretation</li><li>Forensic Pathology and Autopsy Practice</li><li>Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Pathology</li><li>Surgical Pathology and Intraoperative Consultation</li><li>Gross Pathology and Specimen Processing</li><li>Neuropathology and Dermatopathology</li><li>Laboratory Management and Quality Assurance</li><li>Pathology Research and Scholarship</li><li>Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinicopathological Correlation</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Histopathology</li><li>Cytopathology</li><li>Forensic Pathology</li><li>Immunopathology</li><li>Molecular Pathology</li><li>Gross Pathology and Autopsy</li><li>Surgical Pathology</li><li>Neuropathology</li><li>Dermatopathology</li><li>Pathology Research Methods</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Anatomic Pathology</li><li>CAP Laboratory Accreditation</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Forensic Pathology</h4><p>Focuses on forensic pathology, performing medico-legal autopsies, determining cause and manner of death, and providing expert testimony in legal proceedings.</p><h4>Cytopathology</h4><p>Examines cytopathology, fine needle aspiration cytology, cervical screening, and diagnosing diseases from individual cells in body fluids and aspirates.</p><h4>Molecular Pathology</h4><p>Covers molecular pathology techniques, genetic testing, molecular diagnostics, and applying molecular methods to disease diagnosis and classification.</p><h4>Surgical Pathology</h4><p>Focuses on surgical pathology, intraoperative consultation, frozen section diagnosis, and diagnosing diseases from surgical specimens.</p><h4>Neuropathology</h4><p>Examines neuropathology, diagnosing diseases of the nervous system, brain tumour classification, and muscle and nerve pathology.</p><h4>Dermatopathology</h4><p>Covers dermatopathology, diagnosing skin diseases from biopsy specimens, inflammatory dermatoses, and skin tumours.</p>

<p>The Master of Medicine in Child Health and Paediatrics is a postgraduate medical programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist paediatricians with a focus on child health. The programme combines advanced medical theory with intensive clinical training in paediatric and child health care. Core areas include neonatology, general paediatrics, paediatric infectious diseases, paediatric emergency care, child development, community child health, paediatric sub-specialities, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical study and extensive clinical practice in hospital settings. The programme is offered by Moi University through its School of Medicine at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. This is a public university offering the programme over three academic years (120 units) through full-time clinical training. Students develop competencies in neonatal care, general paediatrics, paediatric emergencies, infectious diseases, child development, chronic disease management, community child health, and research methods. The programme includes coursework, clinical rotations, examinations, and thesis. Moi University offers the programme over 3 years with 120 units. The Kenya Paediatric Fellowship Program (KPFP) offers scholarships at Moi University for paediatric sub-speciality training. Entry requires an MBChB degree, registration with KMPDC, and at least one year of post-internship practice. Graduates pursue careers as consultant paediatricians, neonatologists, paediatric sub-specialists, community paediatricians, and academic faculty in medical schools.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Neonatal Care and Management</li><li>General Paediatrics Practice</li><li>Paediatric Emergency Care</li><li>Paediatric Infectious Disease Management</li><li>Child Development and Neurodevelopmental Assessment</li><li>Paediatric Chronic Disease Management</li><li>Community Child Health and Public Health</li><li>Paediatric Resuscitation and Critical Care</li><li>Clinical Research Methods</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Neonatology</li><li>General Paediatrics</li><li>Paediatric Infectious Diseases</li><li>Paediatric Emergency Care</li><li>Child Development and Neurodevelopment</li><li>Community Child Health</li><li>Paediatric Sub-specialities</li><li>Clinical Research Methods</li><li>Paediatric Chronic Disease Management</li><li>Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Paediatrics</li><li>KPA Professional Membership</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Neonatology</h4><p>Focuses on newborn care, covering neonatal resuscitation, neonatal intensive care, premature infant management, and neonatal disorders.</p><h4>Paediatric Infectious Diseases</h4><p>Examines infectious diseases in children, covering immunisation, tropical diseases, HIV in children, and managing paediatric infections.</p><h4>Paediatric Emergency and Critical Care</h4><p>Covers paediatric emergencies and critical care, covering paediatric resuscitation, trauma management, and managing critically ill children.</p><h4>Community Child Health</h4><p>Focuses on community child health, covering child health programmes, school health, child protection, and public health approaches to child health.</p><h4>Paediatric Cardiology</h4><p>Examines heart conditions in children, covering congenital heart disease, paediatric cardiac assessment, and managing cardiac conditions in children.</p><h4>Paediatric Neurology</h4><p>Covers neurological conditions in children, covering seizures, developmental disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and managing neurological conditions in children.</p>

<p>The Master of Medicine in Clinical Pathology is a postgraduate medical specialty programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist clinical pathologists. The programme prepares graduates to diagnose diseases through laboratory medicine, manage clinical laboratories, and conduct pathology research in Kenya and beyond. Core areas of study include clinical chemistry, haematology, medical microbiology, transfusion medicine, immunology, laboratory management, molecular diagnostics, endocrinology, toxicology, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical foundations and extensive laboratory practice across clinical pathology disciplines. The programme is listed at Zetech University, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, and University of Kabianga, with Aga Khan University as a college. Aga Khan University offers MMed Clinical Pathology at its Nairobi campus, accredited by CUE since 2005 and by ACGME-I internationally. The programme is student-centred, problem-based, and community-oriented. Students develop competencies in clinical chemistry interpretation, haematology diagnosis, microbiology laboratory practice, blood transfusion management, immunology diagnostics, laboratory quality management, molecular diagnostics, and clinical pathology research. The programme includes coursework, laboratory rotations, examinations, and a research dissertation. The programme is delivered over four years with full-time residency mode at Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi. Approximately 25 per cent of resident time is mandated to structured educational courses, with the remainder in clinical and laboratory practice. The programme is designed for medical doctors seeking to specialise in clinical pathology. Graduates pursue careers as consultant clinical pathologists, haematopathologists, clinical chemists, transfusion medicine specialists, laboratory directors, and academic pathologists in hospitals, reference laboratories, medical schools, and health ministries.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Clinical Chemistry and Biochemical Analysis</li><li>Haematology and Blood Disorder Diagnosis</li><li>Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Diagnosis</li><li>Transfusion Medicine and Blood Banking</li><li>Immunology and Immunoassay Techniques</li><li>Laboratory Management and Quality Assurance</li><li>Molecular Diagnostics and Genetic Testing</li><li>Endocrinology and Hormone Analysis</li><li>Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring</li><li>Clinical Pathology Research and Scholarship</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Clinical Chemistry</li><li>Haematology</li><li>Medical Microbiology</li><li>Transfusion Medicine</li><li>Immunology</li><li>Laboratory Management</li><li>Molecular Diagnostics</li><li>Endocrinology</li><li>Toxicology</li><li>Clinical Pathology Research Methods</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Clinical Pathology</li><li>IFCC Clinical Chemistry Certification</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Haematopathology</h4><p>Focuses on haematopathology, diagnosing blood disorders, leukaemia and lymphoma classification, coagulation disorders, and haematological malignancy diagnosis.</p><h4>Clinical Chemistry</h4><p>Examines clinical chemistry, biochemical analysis, electrolyte and acid-base disorders, endocrine testing, and interpreting biochemical laboratory results.</p><h4>Transfusion Medicine</h4><p>Covers transfusion medicine, blood banking, blood group serology, transfusion reactions, and managing blood transfusion services.</p><h4>Medical Microbiology</h4><p>Focuses on medical microbiology, infectious disease diagnosis, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and managing clinical microbiology laboratories.</p><h4>Immunology</h4><p>Examines clinical immunology, immunoassay techniques, autoimmune disease diagnosis, immunodeficiency testing, and interpreting immunological laboratory results.</p><h4>Molecular Diagnostics</h4><p>Covers molecular diagnostics, PCR techniques, genetic testing, viral load monitoring, and applying molecular methods to clinical pathology.</p>

The Master of Medicine in Diagnostic Imaging & Radiation Medicine is a master's programme offered at Kenyan universities. This postgraduate degree prepares professionals for advanced practice and research careers in health sciences.

<p>The Master of Medicine in Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery (Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery) is a postgraduate medical programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist ENT surgeons. The programme combines advanced surgical theory with intensive clinical training in otolaryngology, head and neck surgery. Core areas include otology, rhinology, laryngology, head and neck surgery, paediatric ENT, facial plastic surgery, audiology, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical study and extensive clinical practice in hospital settings. The programme is offered by the University of Nairobi through its Department of Surgery at Kenyatta National Hospital. It is a five-year programme with clinical training at KNH and accredited external rotation sites. The programme has trained ENT surgeons for Eastern, Central and Southern Africa since 1986. Students develop competencies in ENT diagnosis, otological surgery, rhinological surgery, laryngological surgery, head and neck oncology, paediatric ENT, facial plastic surgery, and research methods. The programme includes coursework, clinical rotations, surgical training, examinations, and thesis. The University of Nairobi charges approximately KES 382,000 (Year 1), KES 332,000 (Years 2-4), and KES 362,000 (Year 5), total KES 1,740,000 (~KES 348,000/year). Entry requires an MBChB degree, registration with the Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Council, and professional indemnity insurance. Graduates pursue careers as consultant ENT surgeons, head and neck surgeons, otologists, rhinologists, and academic faculty in medical schools.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>ENT Diagnosis and Assessment</li><li>Otological Surgery</li><li>Rhinological Surgery</li><li>Laryngological Surgery</li><li>Head and Neck Oncology Surgery</li><li>Paediatric ENT Surgery</li><li>Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</li><li>Audiology and Vestibular Assessment</li><li>Clinical Research Methods</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Otolaryngology Theory and Practice</li><li>Otology and Neurotology</li><li>Rhinology and Sinus Surgery</li><li>Laryngology and Voice Disorders</li><li>Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology</li><li>Paediatric ENT Surgery</li><li>Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</li><li>Audiology and Vestibular Medicine</li><li>Clinical Research Methods</li><li>Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Otorhinolaryngology</li><li>KENTS Professional Membership</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Otology and Neurotology</h4><p>Focuses on ear surgery, covering middle ear surgery, cochlear implants, skull base surgery, and managing hearing disorders.</p><h4>Rhinology and Sinus Surgery</h4><p>Examines nasal and sinus disorders, covering endoscopic sinus surgery, nasal reconstruction, and managing sinonasal disease.</p><h4>Head and Neck Oncology</h4><p>Covers head and neck cancer surgery, covering tumour resection, neck dissection, reconstructive surgery, and managing head and neck malignancies.</p><h4>Paediatric ENT</h4><p>Focuses on ENT disorders in children, covering paediatric airway management, congenital anomalies, and paediatric ENT surgery.</p><h4>Laryngology and Voice Disorders</h4><p>Examines voice and laryngeal disorders, covering voice surgery, airway management, and managing laryngeal disease.</p><h4>Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</h4><p>Covers facial plastic surgery, covering facial reconstruction, rhinoplasty, and managing facial deformities and trauma.</p>

<p>The Master of Medicine in Family Medicine is a postgraduate medical specialty programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist family physicians. The programme prepares graduates to provide comprehensive, continuous, and coordinated primary care across all ages, genders, organ systems, and disease entities in Kenya and beyond. Core areas of study include comprehensive primary care, chronic disease management, acute care, paediatric care, maternal and reproductive health, mental health, geriatric care, emergency medicine, community health, evidence-based medicine, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical foundations and extensive clinical practice in diverse settings. The programme is offered by numerous universities across Kenya, with Moi University having established the first Family Medicine programme in Kenya in 2005. Aga Khan University offers the programme in Nairobi. The programme is rooted in the belief that quality primary care is the foundation for all medical care, considering patients' physiologic, psychological, socio-economic, cultural, and spiritual dimensions. Students develop competencies in comprehensive clinical assessment, chronic disease management, acute care, paediatric and maternal care, mental health care, preventive medicine, community-oriented primary care, care coordination, and family medicine research. The programme includes coursework, clinical rotations, examinations, and a research dissertation. The programme is delivered over four years with full-time residency mode. Moi University's programme is based at its School of Medicine in Eldoret with access to MTRH and community health centres. The programme is designed for medical doctors seeking to specialise in family medicine and primary care. Graduates pursue careers as family physicians, primary care specialists, community health leaders, medical educators, and health system managers in hospitals, health centres, medical schools, and health ministries.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Comprehensive Primary Care Practice</li><li>Chronic Disease Management and Coordination</li><li>Acute and Emergency Care in Primary Settings</li><li>Paediatric and Maternal Health Care</li><li>Mental Health in Primary Care</li><li>Preventive Medicine and Health Promotion</li><li>Community-Oriented Primary Care</li><li>Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Reasoning</li><li>Care Coordination and Referral Management</li><li>Family Medicine Research and Scholarship</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Comprehensive Primary Care</li><li>Chronic Disease Management</li><li>Acute Care and Emergency Medicine</li><li>Paediatric and Maternal Health</li><li>Mental Health in Primary Care</li><li>Preventive Medicine</li><li>Community Health</li><li>Evidence-Based Medicine</li><li>Geriatric Care</li><li>Family Medicine Research Methods</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Family Medicine</li><li>WONCA Family Medicine Certification</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Rural and Remote Family Medicine</h4><p>Focuses on providing comprehensive primary care in rural and remote settings, managing limited resources, and addressing health disparities in underserved communities.</p><h4>Chronic Disease Management</h4><p>Examines management of chronic conditions including diabetes, hypertension, HIV, and cardiovascular diseases in primary care settings with care coordination.</p><h4>Maternal and Child Health</h4><p>Covers maternal care, antenatal and postnatal management, child health, immunisation, and managing common paediatric conditions in family practice.</p><h4>Mental Health in Primary Care</h4><p>Focuses on mental health care in primary settings, managing common mental disorders, depression, anxiety, and integrating mental health into family practice.</p><h4>Geriatric Care</h4><p>Examines care of elderly patients, managing multiple comorbidities, polypharmacy, cognitive decline, and end-of-life care in family practice.</p><h4>Community Health and Public Health</h4><p>Covers community-oriented primary care, population health, health promotion, disease prevention, and integrating public health into family medicine practice.</p>

The Master of Medicine in Family Medicine & Emergency Medicine is a master's programme offered at Kenyan universities. This postgraduate degree prepares professionals for advanced practice and research careers in health sciences.

<p>The Master of Medicine in General Surgery is a postgraduate medical specialty programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist surgeons. The programme prepares graduates to perform surgical procedures, manage surgical patients perioperatively, and conduct surgical research in Kenya and beyond. Core areas of study include surgical anatomy, surgical physiology, preoperative and postoperative care, general surgical procedures, trauma surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, breast surgery, endocrine surgery, vascular surgery, surgical oncology, emergency surgery, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical foundations and extensive clinical surgical practice. The programme is offered by numerous universities across Kenya, with University of Nairobi, Moi University, and Aga Khan University as colleges. University of Nairobi offers a five-year MMed General Surgery programme through its Department of Surgery, with training at Kenyatta National Hospital and other affiliated hospitals. Aga Khan University offers a four-year programme at AKUH Nairobi. Students develop competencies in surgical assessment, performing surgical procedures, perioperative management, trauma surgery, emergency surgery, endoscopic procedures, surgical decision-making, and surgical research. The programme includes coursework, clinical rotations, surgical skills training, examinations, and a research thesis. The programme is delivered over five years at University of Nairobi with full-time residency mode. The curriculum allows intercalation for one year after completing the first three years for MSc or PhD study. The programme is designed for medical doctors seeking to specialise in general surgery. Graduates pursue careers as consultant surgeons, trauma surgeons, surgical oncologists, academic surgeons, and surgical department directors in hospitals, medical schools, and health ministries.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Surgical Assessment and Decision-Making</li><li>General Surgical Procedures and Techniques</li><li>Preoperative and Postoperative Care</li><li>Trauma and Emergency Surgery</li><li>Gastrointestinal Surgery</li><li>Surgical Oncology Principles</li><li>Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery</li><li>Surgical Anatomy and Physiology</li><li>Surgical Research and Audit</li><li>Surgical Team Leadership and Management</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Surgical Anatomy</li><li>Surgical Physiology</li><li>Preoperative and Postoperative Care</li><li>General Surgical Procedures</li><li>Trauma and Emergency Surgery</li><li>Gastrointestinal Surgery</li><li>Surgical Oncology</li><li>Endoscopic Surgery</li><li>Vascular Surgery</li><li>Surgical Research Methods</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in General Surgery</li><li>COSECSA Fellowship in Surgery</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Trauma and Emergency Surgery</h4><p>Focuses on trauma surgery, emergency surgical procedures, managing polytrauma patients, and emergency surgical decision-making in acute settings.</p><h4>Gastrointestinal Surgery</h4><p>Examines gastrointestinal surgery, upper and lower GI surgery, hepatobiliary surgery, and managing complex GI surgical conditions.</p><h4>Surgical Oncology</h4><p>Covers surgical oncology principles, cancer surgery, tumour resection, managing surgical cancer patients, and multidisciplinary cancer care.</p><h4>Breast and Endocrine Surgery</h4><p>Focuses on breast surgery, thyroid surgery, parathyroid surgery, adrenal surgery, and managing breast and endocrine surgical conditions.</p><h4>Vascular Surgery</h4><p>Examines vascular surgery, arterial and venous surgery, vascular trauma, and managing peripheral vascular disease surgically.</p><h4>Minimally Invasive and Laparoscopic Surgery</h4><p>Covers laparoscopic surgery, minimally invasive techniques, endoscopic procedures, and applying minimally invasive approaches to surgical practice.</p>

<p>The Master of Medicine in Human Pathology is a postgraduate medical programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist pathologists. The programme combines advanced pathology theory with intensive clinical training in diagnostic pathology, autopsy, and laboratory medicine. Core areas include histopathology, cytopathology, forensic pathology, clinical chemistry, haematopathology, microbiology, molecular pathology, autopsy techniques, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical study and extensive laboratory and clinical practice. The programme is offered by the University of Nairobi through its Department of Human Pathology at Kenyatta National Hospital. This is a public university offering the programme over four academic years through full-time clinical and laboratory training. Students develop competencies in histopathology, cytopathology, forensic pathology, clinical chemistry, haematopathology, microbiology, molecular pathology, autopsy, and research methods. The programme includes coursework, laboratory rotations, clinical pathology, examinations, and thesis. The University of Nairobi charges approximately KES 382,000 (Year 1), KES 332,000 (Years 2-3), and KES 362,000 (Year 4), total KES 1,408,000 (~KES 352,000/year). Entry requires an MBChB degree from a recognised university. Graduates pursue careers as consultant pathologists, forensic pathologists, histopathologists, clinical chemists, haematopathologists, molecular pathologists, and academic faculty in medical schools and research institutions across Kenya and the broader East African region.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Histopathology and Tissue Diagnosis</li><li>Cytopathology and Cytological Diagnosis</li><li>Forensic Pathology and Autopsy Practice</li><li>Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</li><li>Haematopathology and Blood Disorders</li><li>Microbiology and Infectious Disease Diagnosis</li><li>Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics</li><li>Autopsy Techniques and Practice</li><li>Clinical Research Methods</li><li>Academic Writing and Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Histopathology and Tissue Diagnosis</li><li>Cytopathology and Cytological Diagnosis</li><li>Forensic Pathology and Autopsy</li><li>Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</li><li>Haematopathology and Blood Disorders</li><li>Medical Microbiology</li><li>Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics</li><li>Autopsy Techniques and Practice</li><li>Clinical Research Methods</li><li>Thesis Research</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Pathology</li><li>COPECSA Fellowship</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Histopathology</h4><p>Focuses on tissue diagnosis, covering histological techniques, tissue analysis, cancer diagnosis, and managing histopathology services.</p><h4>Forensic Pathology</h4><p>Examines forensic pathology, covering forensic autopsies, death investigation, forensic evidence, and managing forensic pathology services.</p><h4>Clinical Chemistry</h4><p>Covers clinical chemistry, covering chemical pathology, biochemical analysis, laboratory management, and managing clinical chemistry services.</p><h4>Haematopathology</h4><p>Focuses on haematopathology, covering blood disorders, haematological diagnosis, transfusion medicine, and managing haematopathology services.</p><h4>Cytopathology</h4><p>Examines cytopathology, covering cytological diagnosis, cervical screening, fine needle aspiration, and managing cytopathology services.</p><h4>Molecular Pathology</h4><p>Covers molecular pathology, covering molecular diagnostics, genetic testing, molecular techniques, and managing molecular pathology services.</p>

<p>The Master of Medicine in Imaging and Diagnostic Radiology is a postgraduate medical specialty programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist radiologists. The programme prepares graduates to perform and interpret diagnostic imaging studies, conduct interventional radiology procedures, and manage imaging departments in Kenya and beyond. Core areas of study include diagnostic radiology principles, medical imaging physics, radiographic anatomy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, radiation protection, breast imaging, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical foundations and extensive clinical imaging practice. The programme is offered by numerous universities across Kenya, with Aga Khan University as a college. Aga Khan University offers MMed in Imaging and Diagnostic Radiology at its Nairobi campus, accredited by CUE and ACGME-I. University of Nairobi also offers MMed Diagnostic Radiology through its Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Medicine. Students develop competencies in image interpretation, performing imaging procedures, interventional radiology techniques, radiation safety, CT and MRI interpretation, ultrasound scanning, nuclear medicine, managing imaging departments, and radiology research. The programme includes coursework, clinical rotations, examinations, and a research thesis. The programme is delivered over four years with full-time residency mode. Aga Khan University's programme consists of four years of training and examinations, with approximately 25 per cent of time in structured educational courses. The programme is designed for medical doctors seeking to specialise in diagnostic imaging and radiology. Graduates pursue careers as consultant radiologists, interventional radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, imaging department directors, and academic radiologists in hospitals, imaging centres, medical schools, and health ministries.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Diagnostic Image Interpretation and Reporting</li><li>Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging</li><li>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Interpretation</li><li>Ultrasound Scanning and Interpretation</li><li>Interventional Radiology Procedures</li><li>Radiation Protection and Safety</li><li>Nuclear Medicine and Radionuclide Imaging</li><li>Radiographic Anatomy and Pathology Correlation</li><li>Imaging Department Management</li><li>Radiology Research and Scholarship</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Diagnostic Radiology Principles</li><li>Medical Imaging Physics</li><li>Radiographic Anatomy</li><li>Computed Tomography</li><li>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</li><li>Ultrasound</li><li>Interventional Radiology</li><li>Nuclear Medicine</li><li>Radiation Protection</li><li>Radiology Research Methods</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Diagnostic Radiology</li><li>RSNA Radiology Certification</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Interventional Radiology</h4><p>Focuses on image-guided minimally invasive procedures, vascular interventions, tumour embolisation, and performing interventional radiology procedures under imaging guidance.</p><h4>Neuroradiology</h4><p>Examines neuroimaging, interpreting brain and spine imaging, MRI of the nervous system, and diagnosing neurological conditions from imaging studies.</p><h4>Paediatric Radiology</h4><p>Covers paediatric imaging, interpreting imaging studies in children, congenital anomaly diagnosis, and adapting imaging techniques for paediatric patients.</p><h4>Breast Imaging</h4><p>Focuses on breast imaging, mammography interpretation, breast ultrasound, breast MRI, and image-guided breast biopsy procedures.</p><h4>Nuclear Medicine</h4><p>Examines nuclear medicine, radionuclide imaging, PET scans, SPECT imaging, and using radioactive tracers for diagnosis and treatment.</p><h4>Emergency Radiology</h4><p>Covers emergency radiology, rapid image interpretation in emergency settings, trauma imaging, and managing acute imaging requests in emergency departments.</p>

<p>The Master of Medicine in Internal Medicine is a postgraduate medical specialty programme that trains medical doctors to become specialist physicians. The programme prepares graduates to diagnose and manage complex medical conditions, provide comprehensive adult care, and conduct clinical research in Kenya and beyond. Core areas of study include cardiology, nephrology, gastroenterology, endocrinology, pulmonology, neurology, haematology, oncology, infectious diseases, rheumatology, dermatatology, critical care, and research methods. Students engage with both theoretical foundations and extensive clinical practice across internal medicine subspecialties. The programme is offered by numerous universities across Kenya, with University of Nairobi, Aga Khan University, and Moi University as colleges. University of Nairobi offers a three-year MMed Internal Medicine programme through its Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, established in 1973. Aga Khan University offers a four-year programme at AKUH Nairobi, ACGME-I accredited. Students develop competencies in comprehensive clinical assessment, diagnostic reasoning, managing complex medical conditions, interpreting investigations, performing medical procedures, critical care management, evidence-based medicine, and internal medicine research. The programme includes coursework, clinical rotations, examinations, and a research dissertation. The programme is delivered over three years at University of Nairobi with full-time residency mode, consisting of coursework, rotation, and dissertation. Aga Khan University's four-year programme includes 7,680 hours of training with rotations across cardiology, neurology, oncology, pulmonology, infectious diseases, and other subspecialties. The programme is designed for medical doctors seeking to specialise in internal medicine. Graduates pursue careers as consultant physicians, cardiologists, nephrologists, gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, intensivists, and academic physicians in hospitals, medical schools, and health ministries.</p><h3>Skills Required</h3><ul><li>Comprehensive Clinical Assessment and Diagnostic Reasoning</li><li>Cardiology and Cardiovascular Management</li><li>Nephrology and Renal Management</li><li>Gastroenterology and Hepatology</li><li>Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Management</li><li>Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine</li><li>Infectious Disease Management</li><li>Critical Care and Intensive Care Management</li><li>Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research</li><li>Medical Procedure Skills and Interpretation</li></ul><h3>Key Subjects</h3><ul><li>Cardiology</li><li>Nephrology</li><li>Gastroenterology</li><li>Endocrinology</li><li>Pulmonology</li><li>Neurology</li><li>Infectious Diseases</li><li>Haematology and Oncology</li><li>Critical Care</li><li>Internal Medicine Research Methods</li></ul><h3>Certifications</h3><ul><li>KMPDC Specialist Registration in Internal Medicine</li><li>ECSACOP Fellowship in Internal Medicine</li></ul><h3>Specializations</h3><h4>Cardiology</h4><p>Focuses on cardiovascular medicine, managing cardiac conditions, interpreting ECGs and echocardiograms, and managing heart failure, arrhythmias, and ischaemic heart disease.</p><h4>Nephrology</h4><p>Examines renal medicine, managing chronic kidney disease, dialysis, renal transplantation, and managing complex fluid and electrolyte disorders.</p><h4>Gastroenterology</h4><p>Covers gastroenterology and hepatology, managing GI conditions, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and performing endoscopic procedures.</p><h4>Endocrinology</h4><p>Focuses on endocrine disorders, managing diabetes, thyroid disease, adrenal disorders, and metabolic conditions in internal medicine practice.</p><h4>Pulmonology</h4><p>Examines respiratory medicine, managing respiratory conditions, TB, asthma, COPD, and interpreting pulmonary function tests and chest imaging.</p><h4>Infectious Diseases</h4><p>Covers infectious disease management, managing HIV, TB, tropical diseases, antimicrobial therapy, and infection control in internal medicine practice.</p>